Prisoners generally have poorer health compared to the general population. Epidemiological studies in France and abroad consistently show that infectious diseases, mental health conditions, and substance use disorders are overrepresented in prisons. Numerous other health needs are identified in the literature, such as chronic diseases, musculoskeletal, dermatological, digestive, and oral health issues, as well as trauma. Although less robustly documented, these should also be taken into account within a system for monitoring the health of prisoners.