Vaccination coverage is insufficient for many vaccines in France. Using available epidemiological data, we estimated the number of cases, deaths, or hospitalizations that occurred but could have been prevented had the expected vaccination coverage levels been achieved. Unprevented mortality is particularly high for influenza. However, fulminant hepatitis B and deaths due to pertussis or invasive bacterial infections also occur each year among individuals who should have been protected by vaccination. The measles epidemic that ravaged France between 2008 and 2012 and resulted in a significant number of severe cases also highlights the consequences of insufficient vaccination coverage.