Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) affects nearly half a million people worldwide each year. In Western Europe, the number of cases is low, and most of these cases originate in Eastern European countries. In France, surveillance conducted by the National Reference Center for Mycobacteria and Mycobacterial Resistance to Antituberculosis Drugs (CNR-MyRMA) shows that after peaking at over 100 cases in 2014, the number of cases declined through 2021 to fewer than 50. This decrease is mainly due to a decline in cases originating from Georgia. However, in 2022, the number of cases rose again, primarily due to the arrival of cases from Ukraine and Georgia. Over the past 10 years, the treatment of MDR tuberculosis has undergone several revolutions with the discovery of new anti-tuberculosis drugs, the repurposing of known antibiotics, and the results of several therapeutic trials combining these molecules. Highly effective treatment options now exist for cases that were once considered very difficult to treat. These new regimens no longer include injectable antibiotics, are less toxic, and are now as short as the standard regimen for drug-sensitive tuberculosis.