Twenty years after the launch of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, the number of endemic countries has fallen from 125 in 1988 to four in 2008 (Afghanistan, India, Nigeria, and Pakistan), and since 1999, no wild poliovirus (WPV) type 2 has been isolated. However, the goal of eradication by the year 2000 had to be successively postponed to 2005, then 2010, and now 2012, due to the exportation of cases from endemic countries, followed in some cases by a resumption of transmission. Since 2003, WPV has been exported from India and Nigeria to countries declared polio-free, triggering outbreaks. Thus, in 2009, 23 countries reported cases, including four countries where wild virus transmission had resumed (Angola, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Sudan). Since the beginning of 2010, seven countries have been reinfected, including two with major outbreaks: Congo-Brazzaville, currently grappling with an explosive outbreak, and, in the WHO European Region, Tajikistan, from which cases have been imported into other Central Asian countries as well as, for the first time since 1997, into the Russian Federation. Furthermore, the emergence of outbreaks linked to the circulation of viruses derived from the Sabin poliovirus that have become virulent through genetic mutation underscores the need to remain extremely vigilant and to apply to these outbreaks the same international recommendations originally designed for developing countries. The persistent risk of poliovirus importation from these countries into those where polio has been eliminated, including France, must therefore be emphasized. It therefore seems premature to propose a possible date for the complete cessation of vaccination at this time. (R.A.)