Introduction - Child abuse is a major public health issue for which epidemiological data remain very limited. We present an estimate of the prevalence of children under one year of age hospitalized for physical abuse and their in-hospital mortality rate. Materials and Methods - This national, retrospective study uses hospital medical-administrative data from the Medical Information Systems Program (PMSI). We included all children aged 1 month to 1 year, residing in metropolitan France and the four overseas departments (Martinique, Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Réunion), who were hospitalized in France between 2007 and 2014. Three groups were defined: Group 1 comprising physically abused children, Group 2 comprising children possibly physically abused, and Group 3 (control group) comprising all other hospitalized children. The lower estimate of prevalence is calculated using the number of children in Group 1 as the numerator, and the upper estimate using the number of children in Groups 1 and 2; the denominator is the number of children under one year of age in France between 2007 and 2014. Results - The following were included: 2,585 children in Group 1, 4,333 in Group 2, and 926,405 in Group 3. The prevalence over an eight-year period of cases of physical abuse among hospitalized children under one year of age was estimated to be between 0.04% (Group 1) and 0.11% (Groups 1+2). One-year in-hospital mortality was estimated to range from 3.13% (Group 1) to 2.56% (Groups 1+2). Discussion and Conclusion - To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide such national estimates based on hospital data. More effective prevention strategies should be implemented to help healthcare professionals identify and protect these children.