This special issue is entirely devoted to the basic needs of children. Our understanding of these needs has expanded significantly over the past few decades. And the most recent research, including studies in affective and social neuroscience, confirms just how vital the social and emotional environment is to a young child’s development. This issue aims to serve as a practical resource for professionals, with a focus on prevention, education, and the promotion of the health of young children and their families. The work was coordinated by Maud Gorza (Santé Publique France) and Flora Bolter (National Observatory for Child Protection).