This article reviews trends in the use of tobacco and vaping products in France over the past three decades, as well as the challenges these trends pose for public authorities in terms of prevention and addressing the associated social and health consequences. Based on a joint analysis by Santé publique France (SpF) and the French Monitoring Center for Drugs and Addictive Trends (OFDT), it first highlights a "generational shift" in tobacco use and societal perceptions of cigarettes since the mid-2010s, marked by a significant decline in experimentation among adolescents—which has become both less common and occurs at a later age—a key objective of the national tobacco reduction plans successively implemented since 2014. Smoking remains fairly stable among adults, however, with men being the predominant group, and gender differences that have persisted since the early 2000s. Beyond gender differences, social disparities in consumption remain significant, among both young people and adults. However, while the prevalence of smoking is no longer rising, that of vaping is increasing, which is a cause for concern since some of these practices involve nicotine consumption. This also carries the risk of a “renormalization” of smoking, which is a point of vigilance for health authorities, both in France and in other European countries. The analysis concludes with the need to continue adapting the statistical information system and qualitative surveys to ensure effective epidemiological monitoring of the situation.