A national case-control study was conducted in 2000 and 2001 in mainland France to identify risk factors for sporadic hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) associated with infection by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in children under 15 years of age. This study included 105 cases of typical HUS and 196 controls. The study results indicate that the main risk factors for HUS associated with STEC infection in children under 15 years of age in France are the consumption of undercooked ground beef and person-to-person transmission within the family or community.