Based on a transactional model of stress, this article examines the role of local residents’ attitudes toward an industrial site located in Salindres, in the Gard department (France), in the relationship between indicators of perceived health and indicators of exposure to nuisances generated by industrial activities. An epidemiological study was conducted among the local population (n = 1,495). The Mental Health Summary Score (MCS) from the MOS SF-36 was used as an indicator of mental well-being. Anxiety (SCL-90-R) and insomnia-type sleep disorders were also examined. A multivariate multiple mediation model examined the relationship between three indicators of exposure to environmental nuisances (perception of visual stimuli, unpleasant odors, and noise emitted by industrial activities) and each of the perceived health indicators. In this relationship, people’s attitudes toward the source of pollution act as mediators, that is, as intermediary factors in the relationship between health and exposure to environmental nuisances. These include, on the one hand, the attribution of pollution to industrial activities and, on the other hand, beliefs and concerns regarding industrial risks, people’s ability to manage the situation (perceived control), and, finally, coping strategies regarding the industrial site—that is, the efforts people are willing to make to deal with the situation. The multivariate analysis confirms the mediating role of attitudes toward industrial activities (perfect mediation). This means that the relationship between exposure to nuisances (perception of odors and noise) and perceived health is mediated by people’s attitudes toward the industrial site. These results highlight the importance of psychological stress factors associated with nuisances generated by industrial activities and should guide the management measures to be implemented in these complex environmental situations.