The Aedes albopictus mosquito, also known as the tiger mosquito and a vector for dengue and chikungunya, has been present in mainland France since 2004. It poses a risk of local transmission of these arboviruses due to the regular introduction of the viruses by individuals who become infected while traveling to areas where the viruses circulate. In mainland France, epidemiological surveillance has been in place since 2006. It comprises two permanent national systems based on mandatory reporting (DO) and a network of laboratories, as well as a local, seasonal system of enhanced surveillance in departments where Ae. albopictus is established, during its active period from May 1 to November 30. In 2014, in mainland France, 489 cases of chikungunya and 201 cases of dengue were subject to mandatory reporting; 2,327 cases of chikungunya and 953 cases of dengue were reported by the laboratory network. From May 1 to November 30, 454 cases of chikungunya and 167 cases of dengue were identified in the 18 departments where Ae. albopictus was present. Four locally transmitted cases of dengue were detected in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, and one locally transmitted chikungunya outbreak (11 confirmed cases) in the Montpellier metropolitan area. The high number of imported chikungunya cases in mainland France was linked to the epidemiological situation in the French departments of the Americas. The surveillance plan helped limit local outbreaks, but it will need to evolve in response to the rapid spread of the vector to remain responsive, comprehensive, and effective.