Two thousand three hundred twenty-nine healthcare professionals—working in healthcare facilities, medical-social institutions, or in private practice—who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 during the first wave of the epidemic in France responded to an online questionnaire survey regarding the potential circumstances of their infection. The analysis reveals significant differences in the use of protective masks appropriate to the risk of infection. These differences are linked to the availability of such equipment and the recommendations or protocols in use, which varied depending on the type of facility and sector of activity during the period from February to April 2020, when 96% of the respondents’ infections occurred during this first phase of the survey. The survey continues through April 2021.