Introduction: General practitioners play a key role in identifying and supporting smokers and alcohol users who exceed the guidelines for low-risk consumption. By analyzing patient reports, this article aims to estimate the proportion of the population who report having discussed tobacco and alcohol use with their general practitioner, as well as the factors associated with this. Method: The analysis is based on a sample of 6,346 individuals, representative of the population residing in mainland France, drawn from data from the 2017 Santé publique France Public Health Barometer, a random telephone survey. Results: Among individuals aged 18 to 75 who had consulted a general practitioner in the past 12 months (82.5%), 36.7% reported that the topic of tobacco had already been discussed during a consultation, and 16.8% reported that alcohol had been discussed. For both substances, being male, being a smoker or an alcohol user above the reference thresholds, and having a chronic disease were independently associated with being asked about these issues by one’s general practitioner, but were also associated with patients taking the initiative more frequently. Approximately 87% of those aged 18–75 considered it normal for their general practitioner to ask them questions about alcohol, with men and those with higher incomes being more likely to hold this view. Discussion: According to patients, tobacco use and especially alcohol consumption are still rarely discussed during consultations, even though a significant portion of the population considers this normal. These results show that there is still a need to strengthen the systematic identification of users by general practitioners.