The resumption since 1993 of the downward trend in tuberculosis incidence in France calls for a reassessment of the relevance of the BCG vaccination policy. Indeed, the available epidemiological data suggest that the current tuberculosis situation is close to the criteria proposed at the international level for considering the discontinuation of routine vaccination of children. Data from the literature, particularly experiences in European countries, and analyses based on French data suggest that the practice of revaccinating tuberculin-negative individuals has an extremely limited impact. These same sources suggest that discontinuing all BCG vaccination activities would lead to an increase in tuberculosis incidence, particularly affecting populations most at risk for tuberculosis. The magnitude of this increase varies depending on the assumptions made regarding the protective efficacy of BCG. This analysis should be supplemented by a risk-benefit analysis that accounts for the adverse effects of vaccination and by a consideration of the feasibility of various approaches to potentially restricting the target population for BCG vaccination.