Introduction - This article presents the sociodemographic and clinical-biological characteristics of patients who developed primary AIDS-related tuberculosis (pulmonary or extrapulmonary), as well as the risk factors associated with this condition. Methods - The descriptive analysis focused on AIDS cases diagnosed in 2006–2007 among adults and reported to the French Institute for Public Health Surveillance as of December 31, 2007. Risk factors were identified through multivariate analysis of cases diagnosed between 1997 and 2007. Results - Tuberculosis is one of the most common initial AIDS-defining conditions. Among 1,680 adults diagnosed with AIDS in 2006–2007, 20.4% had tuberculosis. The prevalence of tuberculosis rose sharply, from 13% in 1997 to 22% in 2003, before stabilizing. The prevalence of tuberculosis is higher among women, people under 30, those born abroad (particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and the Americas, including Haiti) or residing in the Île-de-France region, those infected through heterosexual intercourse or injection drug use, and those with a CD4 lymphocyte count above 200/mm³. In multivariate analysis, the same variables remain associated with tuberculosis. However, the risk of developing tuberculosis is higher among men than among women. Conclusion - Despite the widespread use of antiretrovirals, tuberculosis remains a common condition leading to AIDS, particularly among people from countries with high prevalence. (R.A.)