For the past 50 years, Mycobacterium bovis tuberculosis (TB) has been reported in wildlife populations across several countries; depending on the context, these populations may serve as sentinel species or reservoirs of infection for cattle and/or humans. In France, TB was first detected in 2001 in wild ungulates in the Brotonne Forest (Normandy). Despite appropriate control measures, the infection still affected 20% of deer and 30% of wild boars in 2006. Consequently, the total culling of deer, considered the primary reservoir, was decided upon as an exceptional measure and appears to be effective. In Côte-d’Or, there has been a sharp resurgence of tuberculosis in cattle since 2002, accompanied by clusters of cases in wild boars since 2007 and in badgers since 2009. As a precaution, a significant reduction in the populations of these species is being undertaken to lower the risk of reinfection in cattle. Elsewhere in France, the sporadic detection of cases in wild boars appears to indicate the persistence of bovine and/or environmental infections. In each situation, the same M. bovis genotypes are found in wild and domestic animals in contact, indicating that TB is evolving within a multi-host system and complicating the disease management of this animal disease, which is known to be contagious yet is in the process of being eradicated in cattle. (R.A.)