Introduction: Sleep is essential for metabolic and psychological balance, but it is sensitive and vulnerable. Psychoactive substances can influence sleep, and sleep characteristics can also influence their use. The objective of this article is to describe the associations between sleep and addictive behaviors in the French population. Method: A module from the 2017 Santé publique France Public Health Barometer focusing on sleep was administered to 12,637 participants, a representative subsample of individuals aged 18–75 residing in metropolitan France. Three sleep indicators were analyzed: short sleep duration (less than 6 hours of sleep per 24 hours), chronic insomnia (ICSD-3 international classification), and “evening” chronotype. The psychoactive substances included in the analysis were tobacco (current and past use), alcohol (daily consumption and regular heavy episodic drinking), cannabis (Cannabis Abuse Screening Test), and other drugs (use within the past year). Results: Daily smokers, whether lightly or heavily dependent, were more frequently short sleepers than occasional smokers and non-smokers. Heavily dependent daily smokers were also significantly more prone to chronic insomnia than other smokers and non-smokers. Short sleep duration and chronic insomnia were not significantly associated with the use of alcohol, cannabis, or other illicit drugs. The “evening” chronotype was significantly associated with the use of tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis. Conclusion: Our study highlights significant links between psychoactive substance use and sleep characteristics among adults, thereby underscoring the importance of considering each of these factors in understanding the other.