Objectives: To describe the prevalence of depression among employed adults in metropolitan France and to examine the associations between exposure to certain occupational factors and depression, using data from the 2017 Health Barometer. Methods: The data analyzed cover 14,520 employed adults. Characterized depressive episodes (CDEs) were measured using the standardized CIDI-SF questionnaire. The prevalence of CDEs was described, in particular, by socio-professional category and sector of activity. Multivariate logistic regressions were performed to test the association between the occupational factors studied (exposure to psychosocial factors at work and adverse work-related events) and EDC. Results: The prevalence rate of EDC among employed individuals was 8.2%. Women had a prevalence rate twice as high as men (11.4% vs. 5.3%). Prevalence rates differed significantly among men depending on the industry sector. The most affected sectors were accommodation and food services, as well as financial and insurance activities. Regardless of gender, the occupational factors studied were associated with a higher risk of developing EDC. Discussion and Conclusion: This study sheds new light on depression in the French working population. Since the workplace is a conducive environment for developing mental health promotion and prevention initiatives, these results should help guide prevention efforts, particularly in the most affected sectors of activity.