Introduction - In human healthcare, approximately 80% of antibiotics are prescribed in private practice. Residents of long-term care facilities for the elderly, due to their frailty and constant interaction with the healthcare sector, represent a population at risk of carrying or becoming infected with multidrug-resistant bacteria. This report describes the 2018 national surveillance data on antibiotic resistance in community practice and the medical-social sector. Method - From January 1 to December 31, 2018, susceptibility testing results for E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and S. aureus isolated from diagnostic specimens were collected from a network of 742 clinical laboratories (LBM) across 11 regions of France. Administrative and microbiological data were uploaded by the LBMs to a dedicated electronic surveillance platform. Strains isolated from patients living at home or residents of medical-social facilities were included in the analysis. Hospitalized patients and screening samples were excluded. After deduplication, resistance rates were calculated as the number of antibiotic-resistant strains divided by the total number of strains. Statistical analyses were performed using Student’s t-test or analysis of variance (ANOVA). 95% confidence intervals and laboratory-weighted percentages were determined. Results - In 2018, a total of 424,965 (98.7%) susceptibility tests were performed on Enterobacteriaceae strains isolated from urine specimens (90.4% Escherichia coli and 6.1% Klebsiella pneumoniae). Among home-bound patients, 3.2% of isolated E. coli strains were resistant to third-generation cephalosporins (3GC), including 2.8% due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production. This rate was 7.7% and 9.3%, respectively, among independent nursing home residents and those integrated into a long-term care facility. Fluoroquinolone resistance in E. coli was 11.0% for strains isolated from home-bound patients and 18.7% for those isolated from nursing home residents. The annual proportions of ESBL-producing and fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli tended to decrease from 2015 to 2018. For K. pneumoniae, ESBL production was observed in 7.2% of strains isolated from home-dwelling patients, and in 18.8% and 22.6%, respectively, of those isolated from independent nursing home residents and those in long-term care facilities. The proportion of fluoroquinolone-resistant strains was 10.8% among patients living at home, 24.3% among residents of independent nursing homes, and 29.3% in nursing homes integrated into a healthcare facility. Among the 24,804 S. aureus susceptibility tests collected, 76.6% were from superficial swabs. Among patients living at home, 9.0% of S. aureus were methicillin-resistant, and 39.9% and 37.6%, respectively, in independent nursing homes or those integrated into a healthcare facility. Conclusion - The Primo surveillance program provides insights into the bacterial ecology in community and medical-social settings, where 93% of antibiotics are consumed. The decrease in the rate of ESBL-producing S. aureus and the rate of fluoroquinolone resistance are encouraging results and provide an incentive to expand efforts to control antibiotic resistance in these sectors.