The National Reference Center for Mycobacterial Resistance to Antituberculosis Drugs (CNR-RMA) works alongside other national agencies to monitor mycobacterial resistance to antibiotics. At the national level, an annual survey of the characteristics of tuberculosis cases caused by mycobacteria resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin—known as multidrug-resistant (MDR) cases—has been conducted since 1992 by a network of microbiology laboratories responsible for mycobacterial culture in France. Since 1995, the establishment of a network of university microbiology laboratories has also made it possible to monitor resistance to first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs annually in new tuberculosis cases (“primary resistance”) and in previously treated cases (“secondary” or “acquired” resistance). Both types of surveillance concern bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis cases (culture-positive). The objective of surveillance for multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis is comprehensiveness and to aid in therapeutic management, whereas the objective of the second surveillance is to obtain, from a significant proportion (25%) of cases diagnosed in France, the information necessary for a stratified analysis of the data, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Surveillance results are sent to the Directorate General of Health and the French Institute for Public Health Surveillance, as well as to EuroTB and the WHO. This article presents the results of surveillance for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and the measures implemented to improve its management. (R.A.)