A case of locally acquired Plasmodium vivax malaria was detected in Corsica in the summer of 2006. This is the first case of locally acquired malaria in Corsica since 1972. Corsica is a former malaria-endemic region that has been characterized for several years by a situation of anopheline presence without malaria, due to the presence of Anopheles labranchiae and An. sacharovi, which are capable of transmitting Plasmodium vivax malaria. The sequence of onset of malaria symptoms in an imported case on July 9 and an indigenous case on August 5, both in Porto, suggests transmission by a local Anopheles mosquito. This suspicion is reinforced by the results of entomological investigations. However, no other cases of Plasmodium vivax malaria and no other indigenous cases were detected in Corsica during this period from June to September 2006. It therefore appears that no sustained chain of malaria transmission has become established on the island. Mosquito control and vector control efforts have been stepped up, as have individual preventive measures against imported diseases during travel to tropical regions. The detection of this exceptional indigenous transmission of a single case of malaria in Corsica in no way justifies recommending malaria protection for residents and tourists visiting the island. (R.A.)