A case of Plasmodium vivax malaria was diagnosed in Corsica in the summer of 2006. This is the first case of local transmission of malaria to be reported in Corsica since 1972. Corsica is a well-known malaria-endemic region characterized, for several years now, by a situation of Anopheles presence without malaria disease, due to the presence of An. labranchiae and An. saccharovi capable of transmitting P. vivax. The sequence of malaria symptoms in an imported case on July 9 and in an autochthonous case on August 5, both in Porto, suggests transmission by local Anopheles mosquitoes. This suspicion is supported by the results of entomological investigations. However, from June to September 2006, no other cases of P. vivax malaria and no other autochthonous cases were detected in Corsica. Therefore, it appears that no sustained malaria transmission occurs on this island. Mosquito eradication efforts and vector control measures have been strengthened, as have individual preventive measures against imported diseases when traveling to tropical countries. Obviously, the detection of a single exceptional autochthonous transmission of a malaria case in Corsica does not justify recommending malaria protection for tourists.