The consequences of the explosion at the AZF factory on September 21, 2001, in Toulouse were severe, both in terms of human casualties (30 deaths, including a high school student, and more than 8,000 injuries) and property damage (about 100 schools damaged). Children and adolescents attending schools in the vicinity were a particularly vulnerable population. Two cross-sectional surveys were conducted 9 and 16 months after the explosion among students in the particularly affected immediate vicinity and in comparison areas, to assess the medium-term consequences of this industrial disaster on physical and mental health, particularly symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. In the area near the explosion, nearly three-quarters of students reported damage to their homes and nearly one in five reported being injured. The prevalence of mental health disorders was high in both surveys, with nearly one in three students exhibiting symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and one in five exhibiting depressive symptoms. These studies also showed that these symptoms were more frequent among children who had suffered the consequences of the explosion (personal physical injuries or injuries to family members, damage to their homes), as well as among younger children, girls, and those with a history of personal trauma and psychological issues. This study highlights the lasting impact of an industrial disaster on children’s mental health, revealing the extent and diversity of psychological consequences that persist several months after the explosion. It underscores the need to improve systems for addressing health and psychological consequences and to enhance information for professionals and the general public. Finally, it highlights the need to improve research in the field of post-traumatic psychological disorders in children, particularly by developing appropriate measurement tools. (R.A.)