Between 2004 and 2017, were there more deaths from cancer, heart disease, or Parkinson’s disease in the Orbiel Valley (Aude) than elsewhere, due to environmental metal pollution? This was the question posed by the mortality study developed in collaboration with stakeholders in the valley (associations, healthcare professionals, elected officials, the Regional Health Agency, and the Bureau of Geological and Mining Research). The results show a comparable mortality rate in the valley compared to the control area. For cancers (all types combined) as well as for circulatory system diseases and Parkinson’s disease, the mortality risk in the valley is comparable to the level observed in a control population. However, pollution management measures around former mining sites remain necessary to reduce environmental exposure.