Climate change, characterized by more intense and frequent heat waves in France, exacerbates the vulnerability of certain population groups, who have fewer resources to protect themselves. It is through a structural approach—addressing the social determinants of health in local public policies (housing, urban planning, education)—that social inequalities regarding health risks linked to exposure to heat waves can be reduced. A study conducted by Santé publique France in Occitanie highlights potential courses of action while identifying persistent barriers.