Background - In 2004, the French High Council for Public Health recommended gaining a better understanding of the health effects resulting from exposure to aircraft noise. Following this recommendation, the Directorate General for Health and the Airport Noise Control Authority initiated a study titled Debats (Discussion on the Health Effects of Aircraft Noise). Objective - The objective of the Debats study is to assess the effects of exposure to aircraft noise on the health of residents living near airports in France. Materials and Methods - A total of 1,244 residents living near the Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Lyon-Saint-Exupéry, and Toulouse-Blagnac airports were included in the study in 2013. Information regarding their demographic characteristics, lifestyle, and health status (effects on sleep, the cardiovascular and endocrine systems, psychological disorders, perceived health status, perceived annoyance) was obtained during a face-to-face interview at their homes with a researcher in 2013 and during follow-ups in 2015 and 2017. Exposure to aircraft noise at participants’ homes was estimated using noise maps produced by the French Civil Aviation Authority (DGAC) for Lyon-Saint Exupéry and Toulouse-Blagnac, and by Aéroports de Paris for Paris-Charles de Gaulle. Results - The results of analyses of data collected at baseline suggest that exposure to aircraft noise has adverse effects on subjective sleep quality and quantity, the cardiovascular and endocrine systems, annoyance, psychological distress, and perceived health status. Conclusion - These results confirm those of previous studies conducted abroad. Longitudinal analysis of all data collected in 2013, 2015, and 2017 should reinforce these findings.