The aim of this article is to analyze knowledge, attitudes, and condom use among populations living in the French departments of the Americas (DFA): Guadeloupe, Martinique, and French Guiana, and to track changes over time. The analyses are based on data from two surveys conducted in 2004 and 2011–2012. They focus on individuals aged 18 to 69 selected through random sampling, totaling 3,014 people in 2004 and 4,529 in 2011. Overall, nearly all residents of the DFA regions are aware that HIV transmission is possible during sexual intercourse without a condom and that condoms are an effective means of protection against HIV. This knowledge has been largely integrated into their behavior, as more than 85% now use condoms during their first sexual encounter. However, a decline in knowledge, opinions, and the perceived effectiveness of condoms was noted between 2004 and 2011 in the DFA, as was observed in the KABP survey conducted in mainland France in 2010. Conversely, significantly more residents of the DFA than in 2004 attribute effectiveness in protecting against HIV to strategies based on HIV testing (getting tested regularly or asking a partner to get tested). While data on condom use during first sexual intercourse or over the past 12 months show no decline in behavior, they nevertheless argue for strengthening the image of condoms and better clarifying their role in conjunction with HIV testing-based strategies. (R.A.)