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Update on the dose-response relationship between particulate matter and short-term mortality in FranceSince 1997, the InVS Air and Health Monitoring Program (Psas) has been quantifying the short-term health impacts (occurring within 0 to 5 days) of urban pollution in nine urban areas, using particulate matter levels with a diameter of less than 10 μg/m³ (PM10) as an indicator. The latest study (2000–2006) showed that a 10 μg/m³ increase in PM10 levels resulted in a 0.8% increase in non-accidental mortality the following day and a 0.9% increase in cardiovascular mortality, with these effects being more pronounced in the summer.In 2007, the method for measuring particulate matter was modified in France to account for its semi-volatile compounds, thereby significantly affecting concentration data. Additionally, eight medium-sized cities were included in the program in 2011, improving geographical representation with a total of 17 cities and bringing the total population studied to over 15 million.The 2007–2010 program thus made it possible to update the calculation of the relative risk associated with PM10 exposure based on data from 17 urban areas with more than 100,000 inhabitants.The results published in the Weekly Epidemiological Bulletin (BEH) on January 6, 2015, showed the persistence of a short-term impact of PM10 on mortality. For a 10 μg/m³ increase in PM10 levels on the current day and the preceding 5 days, the risk of non-accidental mortality increases by 0.51% and by 0.55% for cardiovascular mortality. The increase reaches 1.04% among people over 75 years of age for non-accidental mortality only. The impact is stronger between the second and fifth days (0.38% non-accidental mortality rate) than on the day itself and the following day (0.13%). This study highlights that the short-term impact of PM10 on mortality is primarily due to background pollution levels rather than peaks, and that action is needed to reduce particulate matter levels in France.Based on these results and local pollution modeling data, the InVS will assess the health impact of air pollution at the national level and for each region in 2015.