Introduction. The links between the environment and health are complex, particularly due to the accumulation of exposures alongside numerous other risk factors, but also because some of the consequences of these exposures manifest themselves over the long term. Research on air quality and industry-related risks shows that socially disadvantaged communities are more likely to live near sources of pollution. However, the issue of environmental inequalities—and even more so their health consequences—remains largely unexplored in France. Materials and Methods. The “Health and Environment Barometer” survey conducted by the National Institute for Prevention and Health Education gathers opinions on the environment and health through a telephone questionnaire administered to a representative sample of the population. This study focuses specifically on air pollution. It describes French people’s perceptions of air pollution, their views on its health effects, and their access to information on this topic. Multivariate analyses were conducted to examine the influence of variables that may reflect social inequalities (socio-professional category, educational attainment, and income) and territorial inequalities (size of the metropolitan area of residence). Results. Differences in perceptions were identified for each of these factors, after controlling for structural effects related to the other variables. Thus, overall, the most disadvantaged social classes have a more negative view of air pollution problems; they are more sensitive to its sensory manifestations (odors, smoke) and perceive a higher health risk for the general population. However, they report less frequently feeling the effects of air pollution on their own health or that of those around them. But beyond socioeconomic criteria, it is around the city that disparities in perceptions of outdoor air pollution seem to crystallize first and foremost. Indeed, the most marked differences are observed by region: urban residents also hold negative perceptions of air pollution but report more frequently feeling its effects. Discussion and conclusion. This study highlights socioeconomic and regional differences in perceptions of air pollution and its health effects. However, it does not demonstrate that these differences in perception are associated with differences in exposure. Regional variations in perceptions of air pollution and associated risks may nevertheless be linked to differences in exposure, as certain components of this pollution are indeed more prevalent in urban areas. [author’s abstract]