There is significant concern about the widespread rise in obesity. It is well established that the prevalence of overweight and obesity is higher in disadvantaged communities across all developed market economies (DMEs), including France. French research is extremely active both in studying the economic mechanisms involved in social inequalities in health and nutritional choices, and in examining the relationships between neighborhood characteristics and body mass index (the Record and Spotlight studies). French researchers have also been actively involved in the scientific evaluation of interventions. The projects implemented concern, for example, the screening of young children for overweight (Repopp), interventions promoting physical activity in middle schools (Icaps), efforts to combat childhood overweight using municipal levers (Fleurbaix-Laventie, Epode, Vivons en forme), interventions applying the principle of “proportional universalism” among overweight high school students (Pralimap-Inès), comprehensive initiatives targeting all children in an entire region (Aquitaine), the distribution of free vouchers for fruits and vegetables, or assistance in choosing foods of higher nutritional quality at no additional cost for adults in disadvantaged neighborhoods (Opticourses, Manger Top). The challenge is now twofold. It involves disseminating and implementing interventions—particularly those derived from French research—that have proven effective. It also involves developing new targeted initiatives based on the body of the most recent and effective international research.