Physical inactivity and a sedentary lifestyle are major risk factors for noncommunicable diseases. For health reasons, it is therefore recommended to engage in regular physical activity and limit sedentary behavior. From a public health perspective, it is important to assess and monitor these behaviors in order to tailor interventions to the specific needs of the population. This article presents the levels of physical activity and sedentary behavior among adults and children residing in mainland France by sex, age, and educational attainment, as well as their trends over the 2006–2016 period, based on results from the national nutritional surveillance surveys, ENNS 2006–2007 (n=4,329) and Esteban 2014–2016 (n=3,864). Data were collected via self-administered questionnaires: IPAQ and RPAQ for adults, YRBS for 11–17-year-olds, and a specific questionnaire completed by parents for 6–10-year-olds. In 2014–2016, 71% of men and 53% of women met the WHO recommendations for physical activity. Since 2006, physical activity levels have decreased among women overall, while they have increased among men aged 40–54. Among children, only half of boys and one-third of girls met the recommendations, with no change since 2006. Regarding sedentary behaviors, daily screen time has increased significantly in recent years, among both adults and children. These results reflect persistently low levels of physical activity and high levels of sedentary behavior in the French population, as well as a near-universal decline in these indicators since 2006. It appears necessary to promote public health policies aimed at both increasing physical activity levels and limiting sedentary behavior in the population.