Introduction: The objectives of this study were to describe the mean LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) level, the distribution of values, and the prevalence of LDL hypercholesterolemia and its treatment in the French adult population. Methods: The National Nutrition and Health Survey (ENNS) is a cross-sectional survey conducted in mainland France in 2006–2007. LDLc was measured in a national sample of the adult population aged 18 to 74 years. LDL hypercholesterolemia was defined as a value greater than 1.6 g/L or the use of lipid-lowering medication. Results: The mean LDL-C concentration was 1.27 g/L (95% CI: [1.25–1.30]), with no significant difference between men and women. In the study population, 20.1% had LDL-C levels above 1.6 g/L, and 12.5% reported taking lipid-lowering medication (statins: 9.6%). The overall prevalence of LDL hypercholesterolemia (measured or treated) was 29.7%; it increased with age, reaching 55.0% among those aged 65 to 74. Discussion-conclusion: This is the first national survey on LDL cholesterol in the general population. The repeat of the study in 2014 will allow for an assessment of changes that have occurred since 2006. (R.A.)