Adapted physical activity (APA) is defined as physical or sports activity adapted to the abilities of people with specific needs: those living with chronic illnesses, older adults, people with disabilities, or vulnerable individuals. It draws on multidisciplinary scientific knowledge to assess individuals’ resources and needs and to work with them to design adapted sports or arts programs and initiatives for the purposes of prevention, rehabilitation, inclusion, education, or social participation. Beyond ensuring accessibility to these activities, it seeks above all to create the conditions for the development of a sustainable personal physical activity plan that integrates into individuals’ life trajectories. At the request of the Ministry of Sports, Inserm conducted a collective review summarizing the scientific knowledge on APA to analyze, in the context of chronic diseases, its impact and its role in the care pathway. Building on the results of this collective review, this new issue of Question de Santé Publique examines the cases of type II diabetes and depression. In the face of an aging population, PA has now become a new public health issue, the political, social, organizational, and professional conditions for its implementation of which remain to be defined, as do the characteristics of the most effective activity programs. For type 2 diabetes and depression, as for other chronic conditions, the benefits of PA programs far outweigh the risks when guidelines and practice recommendations are followed and tailored to each patient’s individual characteristics and life circumstances.