Introduction: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs)—pain, discomfort, or limitations of the musculoskeletal system potentially linked to work-related overuse—are considered a major issue in both occupational health and public health. Objective: The objective is to present, based on data from the Constances cohort, the prevalence of these disorders in the general population according to general demographic and socio-occupational characteristics, including among workers with little or no access to occupational medicine, such as temporary workers. Methods: The Constances cohort consists of volunteers selected at random who were aged 18 to 69 at enrollment. To account for survey weights and non-participation, the sample was restricted to 28,914 individuals invited in 2012 and 2013 and included through January 31, 2014, aged 30 to 69 years. The data used were derived from questionnaires completed by the volunteers at enrollment. Eight biomechanical factors and six joint locations were studied, focusing exclusively on persistent pain. Weighted prevalence rates for exposure and MSDs were estimated by stratifying data across four sociodemographic variables (sex, age groups, occupation and socioeconomic status at enrollment, and type of employment contract). Results: Of the 28,914 participants included, 8,998 men and 10,218 women reported being employed. The prevalence of persistent pain ranged from 14% (in the elbows) to 35% (in the back) among women, and from 9% to 24% among men, respectively, for the same sites. The prevalence of spinal pain among working women was 35%, compared to 22% among female managers, and 35% and 25% among men, respectively. Prevalence rates also varied according to exposure to biomechanical factors, age, and type of employment contract. Conclusion: These data confirm the significant burden of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Thanks to Constances, public health policies in the health and work sector will now have access to indicators covering a significant portion of the French population, particularly vulnerable groups (aging workers, workers in precarious employment).