Although recent years have confirmed the effectiveness of antiretroviral treatments, people living with HIV (PLHIV) are facing a deteriorating general socioeconomic environment. The purpose of this article is to describe the demographic, social, and economic characteristics of PLHIV in 2011 and how these have changed since 2003 in France. The data presented are based on the ANRS-Vespa2 survey (HIV: Survey of People Living with HIV), a representative national survey of PLHIV receiving hospital care in 2011, which followed a first survey conducted in 2003 using a similar protocol. The data were analyzed according to several sociodemographic groups: men who have sex with men, people who use drugs, people from sub-Saharan Africa, and others. The median age rose from 41 to 48 years between 2003 and 2011. Immigrants account for one-third of PLHIV, compared to 21% in 2003, an increase linked to a sharp rise in the number of people from sub-Saharan Africa, particularly women. Nearly half of the individuals live alone or in single-parent households, a proportion that has remained stable since 2003. In contrast, the employment rate has increased by 5 percentage points since 2003. The proportion of people receiving minimum social benefits has remained stable, but financial difficulties have become more frequent. Nearly 9 out of 10 people have their own housing, a situation that has remained stable since 2003, with a 3% increase in homeowners. These characteristics vary significantly across sociodemographic groups, with particularly difficult living conditions for people infected through drug use and for patients from sub-Saharan Africa. Thus, among PLHIV, therapeutic advances have had little impact in terms of improving their social situation. (R.A.)