Introduction - The OncoVIH study aimed to describe the distribution of cancers—one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality—and one-year survival following diagnosis among HIV-infected patients in France. Method - The OncoVIH study was a cross-sectional study involving the prospective collection of data on cancers diagnosed in HIV-infected patients between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2006. Characteristics of HIV infection and the malignant disease at the time of cancer diagnosis, as well as the occurrence of deaths and their causes within one year of the tumor diagnosis, were collected. To compare these characteristics with those of HIV-infected patients, data were extracted from the ANRS CO4-FHDH cohort. Results - In 2006, 694 cancers were reported in 690 patients, of whom 669 had available characteristics at the time of tumor diagnosis. Among the 349 participating clinical centers, 282 reported at least one tumor. The most common cancers were non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL, 21.5%), Kaposi’s sarcoma (16.0%), lung cancer (9.4%), anal canal cancer (8.2%), Hodgkin lymphoma (7.6%), non-melanoma skin cancer (6.8%), and hepatocellular carcinoma (5.6%). The median age at cancer diagnosis was 47 years (interquartile range (IQR)=41–55). Compared with HIV-infected patients followed in ANRS CO4-FHDH (454, IQR=312–634), the median CD4 counts at tumor diagnosis were lower among patients diagnosed in OncoVIH with AIDS-defining cancers (193, IQR=67–357, p<0.0001) and non-AIDS-defining cancers (329, IQR=193–500, p<0.0001). Patients with AIDS-defining cancer were less likely to be on antiretroviral therapy with a viral load < 500 copies/mL than those followed in ANRS CO4-FHDH (23% versus 67%, p < 0.0001). With 185 deaths, the 1-year overall survival rate was 72% [95% CI: 68–75%], with significantly shorter survival times following a diagnosis of lung cancer (35%), hepatocellular carcinoma (47%), and NHL (65%). Conclusion - In 2006, two-thirds of cancers diagnosed in HIV-infected patients were non-AIDS-defining cancers. Our results suggest that cancer prevention in HIV-infected patients requires better control of HIV replication and the associated immunosuppression, in addition to the prevention of other risk factors, such as smoking. (R.A.)