Surveillance conducted by the InVS using data from "voluntary" reporting sites shows a steady increase in syphilis cases between 2000 and 2002. Characteristics of the affected population indicate that the vast majority of cases involve male homosexual or bisexual patients, more than half of whom are HIV-positive. The resurgence of syphilis is an indirect indicator of a decline in prevention efforts regarding risky sexual practices, with unprotected oral sex likely being the primary risk factor. Other Western European countries have experienced the same situation as in France. In Eastern Europe, the epidemiological profile is different, with the majority of cases occurring among heterosexuals and a strong link to female prostitution and intravenous drug use. In the United States, while a resurgence of syphilis has been observed in the gay community, the majority of cases are reported in certain southern states among African Americans and are linked to low health insurance coverage. The resurgence of syphilis, even if it remains limited, should serve as an incentive to strengthen prevention campaigns for sexually transmitted infections by prioritizing current target populations.