Background - The number of syphilis cases in France increased between 2000 and 2006. A resurgence was observed among women, which could lead to an increase in the number of infected pregnant women and cases of congenital syphilis (CS). Objective - To estimate and describe the annual number of CS cases in France between 2005 and 2007. Method - Children under 2 years of age between 2005 and 2007 with a diagnosis of CS were identified from the PMSI database. A questionnaire was sent to the medical records departments of the relevant hospitals. CS cases were classified as “confirmed” or “probable” according to the definition of the European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. Results - Sixty-seven cases of CS were identified, and 16 were included in the analysis (4 in 2005, 6 in 2006, 6 in 2007): 8 “probable” and 8 “confirmed.” Socioeconomic vulnerability was noted in 12 cases. Discussion - Congenital syphilis remains rare (< 1 case per 100,000 births), and this rarity may be the result of the effectiveness of the screening program. Socioeconomic vulnerability appears to be associated with cases of congenital syphilis. Our study highlights the value of a second screening before 28 weeks of gestation in at-risk women. (R.A.)