Introduction - Analysis of surveillance data on rectal lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) allows us to describe trends in case numbers since the emergence of the 2003 epidemic and the epidemiological situation in France in 2006. Methods - Surveillance relies on a network of laboratories. Cases of rectal LGV are confirmed by a positive PCR test for Chlamydia trachomatis and genotyping as L1, L2, or L3. Microbiological and epidemiological data (patient age, HIV status, and date of specimen collection) are anonymously centralized at the French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS) for analysis. Results - The number of rectal LGV diagnoses increased in 2006 (+11%, n=140). All diagnoses were made exclusively in men, most of whom were HIV-positive (93.9%), and in the Ile-de-France region (95%). Conclusion - The increase in the number of rectal LGV diagnoses in France in 2006 suggests either an expansion of the epidemic within the gay community or improved diagnosis by clinicians and the relevant laboratories. The continued transmission of rectal LGV, similar to that of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), suggests a relaxation of prevention efforts regarding risky sexual behaviors. (R.A.)