Objectives - To estimate the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among female college students who visited the preventive medicine center at the University of Bordeaux in 2004, as well as the acceptability of screening at the center and at home, and the ability of vaginal self-sampling versus first-void urine to detect the infection. Methods - Systematic screening by PCR using self-collected samples (vulvovaginal swab and urine) collected at the center and at home among sexually active female students aged 18 to 24 years. Results - Of the 2,378 young women who visited the center during this study, 825 (34.7%) were eligible for inclusion; 720 (29.5%) were ineligible; 487 (20.5%) met at least one exclusion criterion; and 364 (15.3%) refused to participate. The prevalence was 2.4% (20/825), [95% CI: 1.4–3.5]. Among these 20 cases, urine testing was negative in 3 cases. Conclusion - This study demonstrates the high acceptability of screening both at the center and at home (92% of the students collected the sample at home), high adherence to vaginal self-sampling (83% approved of it), and the high performance of the vulvovaginal swab in detecting infection. (R.A.)