This multi-site study aims to investigate, for the first time in France, the association between proximity to major industrial areas and the health of nearby populations, focusing on several health indicators (respiratory diseases, perinatal health, all-cause mortality—excluding violent deaths)—and to provide initial insights regarding feasibility and epidemiological interpretation, with a view to implementing a national health surveillance system around industrial hubs. This is a national ecological study of a geographical nature, based on the passive collection (across mainland France—including Corsica) and at the municipal level, of available data on industrial emissions, on the one hand, and health data from the National Health Data System (SNDS), on the other. To assess population exposure, INERIS proposed defining an exposure zone around major industrial clusters and a method for constructing environmental pressure score indicators based on data from the annual industrial emissions census (BDREP) and the national spatialized inventory (INS) (2). At the same time, algorithms were defined for each health indicator to extract them from the SNDS. Furthermore, numerous adjustment factors (risk factors and confounding factors) were identified and used in the multivariate analysis models. At the conclusion of the study, several findings and lessons emerged: There are limitations to the use of the BDREP in the context of an epidemiological study, given the database’s regulatory purpose (non-exhaustive data on industrial discharges). The INS did not present this completeness issue, which made it possible to define municipal industrial pressure scores for all municipalities in mainland France. However, the INS has other limitations (no updates since 2012, lack of data for overseas territories, etc.); When taking into account the municipal industrial pressure scores, no increased risk associated with exposure to industrial areas is observed. Conversely, in municipalities with high INS scores, an increased risk of childhood asthma is observed in municipalities exposed to an industrial zone compared to those not exposed to an industrial zone. This result is not replicated with scores derived from the BDREP. ; When proximity to an industrial zone is taken into account, an increased risk of childhood asthma, as well as of chronic respiratory morbidity among adults aged 40 or older, is also observed in municipalities located near an industrial zone compared to all municipalities located at a distance from an installation classified for environmental protection (ICPE) or an industrial zone. Increased risks of chronic respiratory morbidity among those under 40 and of preterm birth are also suggested. ; More generally regarding industrial issues, an increased risk for all health indicators studied (asthma, chronic respiratory morbidity, preterm birth, low birth weight for gestational age (LBW), and all-cause mortality excluding violent deaths) was identified for higher exposures to industrial emissions, as estimated by the INS score. These results are not observed with scores based on the BDREP.; An increased risk for all indicators (except for LBW cases) is observed in municipalities located near an IED (Industrial Emissions Directive)-classified facility and/or a Seveso site, compared to all municipalities located at a distance from such facilities.; An increased risk of asthma and all-cause mortality (excluding violent deaths) is also observed in municipalities near an ICPE (non-IED or non-Seveso). Increased risks of chronic respiratory morbidity among adults aged 40 and older and of preterm birth are also suggested. The results should be interpreted with caution given the identified limitations of the emissions databases used, the fact that results vary depending on the industrial pressure indicator considered, and the study design itself, which does not allow for the establishment of a causal link but suggests an association between exposure and a health condition. The completion of this study, in response to the call for projects issued by GD4H and HDH, provided insights into the use of available data. It helped to better define the issue at hand, not only regarding industrial clusters but also industrial facilities in general. This study lists a number of recommendations regarding the use of data and their interoperability.