The first Cancer Barometer, based on a survey conducted in 2005, was published as part of the first National Cancer Plan. A second round of this survey was launched in 2010 through close collaboration between the National Cancer Institute (INCa) and Inpes. A representative sample of 4,000 people aged 15 to 85 was interviewed by telephone. As in the previous Barometer, each person was asked about their knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding cancer risk factors, the public perception of the disease, and the perceived quality of care. The use of the previous methodology makes it possible to track changes in perceptions, risks, and behaviors between the first and second Cancer Plans (changes between the two surveys) and the progress made between 2005 and 2010, as well as the progress that remains to be made, particularly in the area of social health inequalities. Reducing these inequalities is a key component of the 2009–2013 Cancer Plan.