This report summarizes the work conducted by the French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS) as part of the 2010–2014 Strategic Action Plan titled “Health Policy for Persons in the Criminal Justice System.” This work aimed to assess the current state of knowledge regarding the health of incarcerated individuals, propose avenues for improving monitoring, and define the framework for an epidemiological surveillance system in prisons. The report’s conclusions highlight the importance of implementing regular and sustainable epidemiological surveillance of the health of incarcerated individuals in France. Proposals are made regarding the nature of the system to be developed, the health topics to be included, the populations to be covered, and the phased implementation of various data collection efforts. At the end of this document, ten recommendations are set forth, along with a proposed nine-step implementation plan.