Background: The epidemiology of stage 3–5 chronic kidney disease remains poorly documented in France despite the burden it imposes. The objective of our study was to provide an estimate of the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (without renal replacement therapy) in France. Method: The data are from the Esteban study, conducted in mainland France between 2014 and 2016 on a representative sample of the French population. This study included 3,021 adults aged 18 to 74 years. Among them, 2,422 adults (80.2%) had their serum creatinine levels measured and were included in this analysis. Renal function was estimated by calculating glomerular filtration rate using the equations from the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-Epi) and the European Kidney Function Consortium (EKFC). Results: The mean glomerular filtration rates in our population were 97.5 and 89.0 mL/min/1.73 m² using the CKD-EPI and EKFC equations, respectively. The prevalence of chronic kidney disease, defined as a glomerular filtration rate below 60 mL/min/1.73 m², was 1.5% using the CKD-EPI formula and 2.1% using the EKFC formula among adults aged 18 to 74 years. Prevalence was higher among women than among men and increased with age, reaching 6.5% and 9.9% among those aged 65–74 using the CKD-EPI and EKFC equations, respectively. After extrapolation to the French population, the number of people with chronic kidney disease not receiving renal replacement therapy was approximately 1.6 million. Conclusion: In France, the prevalence of stage 3–5 chronic kidney disease without renal replacement therapy ranged from 1.5% to 2.1% of the adult population aged 18 to 74 years.