The author reviews the history of initiatives aimed at preventing social problems at the local level and their development following the creation of the Ministry of Urban Affairs, outlining the ministry’s policies and priorities (the State-Municipality Contract, recognition of local diversity, and a comprehensive, cross-cutting approach that takes into account all aspects of daily life). She then addresses drug abuse prevention in neighborhoods more specifically. Drawing on Claude Olievenstein’s definition—which incorporates the psychotropic substance(s) consumed, the user, and the sociocultural environment—we are led to consider the associated phenomena: illicit drug trafficking, delinquency, marginalization, health and family repercussions, and the sense of insecurity caused by drug dealing in the neighborhood. This approach should facilitate a reflection grounded in the models proposed by Professor Parquet regarding health promotion. It requires a multidisciplinary approach among the professionals involved. Three target groups and partners in prevention are identified: the user, the pathological or at-risk group, and the general population.