Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide and the second leading cause in France. Among modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, metabolic diseases (hypertension, high LDL cholesterol, diabetes, and obesity) play a major role by contributing to the development and progression of atherosclerosis. This review provides a summary of the latest epidemiological data available at the national level. In 2015, the prevalence among adults aged 18 to 74 was 17.2% for obesity, 7.4% for diabetes, 30.6% for HTN, 23.3% for LDL hypercholesterolemia, and 1.5% for stage 3–5 chronic kidney disease. Awareness of these diseases was very low, with a lack of awareness among those affected ranging from 23% for diabetes to 45% for hypertension. While the prevalence of obesity and hypertension remained stable between 2006 and 2015, that of diabetes increased significantly. Prevention of these risk factors—particularly nutritional ones—along with awareness and management of them, must be intensified to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease in France. While the prevalence of metabolic risk factors remains higher among men, special attention must also be paid to risk factors specific to women, such as gynecological diseases (endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome) or pregnancy-related conditions (pregnancy-induced hypertension, gestational diabetes), which significantly contribute to cardiovascular risk.