Climate change is a factor driving shifts in health and environmental risks that can have significant impacts on public health. Epidemiological surveillance should actively contribute to the development of adaptation policies by: 1) issuing alerts regarding high-risk situations, 2) ensuring the continuous generation of high-quality data useful for research and management, 3) identifying and prioritizing adaptation needs, and 4) evaluating the effectiveness of adaptation measures. The InVS has proposed a method to better anticipate the potential effects of climate change on various health risks and identify necessary changes to surveillance systems by integrating environmental, demographic, and social determinants. The case of extreme weather events illustrates this point. These events have short- and long-term health impacts, which could be reduced through effective prevention. To understand these impacts and guide prevention efforts, interdisciplinary studies are increasingly necessary.