The persistence of animal anthrax outbreaks linked to a terrestrial reservoir—which cannot be eradicated despite the preventive health measures implemented—means that the risk of transmission to humans remains, justifying the continued consideration of this disease within the public health and animal health sectors in France. This guide, the result of multidisciplinary work, presents a synthesis of knowledge on animal and human anthrax and offers practical recommendations in public health and animal health for the surveillance and control of the disease. It emphasizes the complementary nature of animal and human approaches and the need for coordinated action among the various stakeholders to identify the source of contamination and take appropriate measures to limit the risks of bacterial spread. It received a favorable opinion from the French High Council for Public Health, Communicable Diseases Section, at its meeting on June 18, 2004, which recommended its wide distribution to infectious disease specialists, public health physicians, and veterinary services. (R.A.)