Objectives: To produce and update estimates of the proportion of certain cancers (pleural mesothelioma, bronchopulmonary cancers, laryngeal cancers, and ovarian cancers) attributable to occupational exposure to asbestos in France, using tools developed by the French Institute for Public Health Surveillance. Methods: The attributable proportion was calculated using Levin’s formula. Relative risks were derived from national and international scientific literature, and the prevalence of occupational asbestos exposure was estimated by cross-referencing the “asbestos” job-exposure matrix with a sample of occupational histories representative of the French population. The number of attributable cases was calculated for each disease and compared to the number of cases recognized as occupational diseases. Results: In total, the number of cases (pleural mesothelioma, bronchopulmonary cancers, laryngeal cancers, and ovarian cancers) attributable to occupational exposure to asbestos is estimated, in 2012, to be between 2,002 and 5,094 among men and between 179 and 315 among women; relative to the total number of cases for these four cancers, it can be estimated that 6.3% to 16% of cases of these cancers are attributable to occupational exposure to asbestos among men and 1.1% to 1.9% among women. Furthermore, 5% to 66% of lung cancer cases and 30% to 48% of mesothelioma cases covered by the general social security system are not recognized as occupational diseases. Conclusion: These estimates confirm the significant role of occupational asbestos exposure in the occurrence of certain cancers in the French population and, by extension, the extent of undercompensation for the diseases attributable to such exposure—not only for lung cancer or mesothelioma, but also for laryngeal or ovarian cancer, for which, to date, there is no list of recognized occupational diseases.