The French Institute for Public Health Surveillance has established a monitoring system for asbestos victims compensated by the Asbestos Victims Compensation Fund (FIVA). Thus, a cohort of victims compensated for various asbestos-related conditions was established. It included 28,449 victims compensated for benign conditions: pleural plaques, pleural thickening, and asbestosis. The purpose of analyzing these data was to describe the mortality of the victims and to compare their overall mortality and mortality by cause of death with that of the general French population during the 2004–2008 follow-up period, by calculating standardized mortality ratios (SMR). Significant excess deaths were observed for pleural tumors (SMR=12.29; 95% CI: [9.96–15.00]) and respiratory diseases (SMR=1.48; 95% CI: [1.26–1.70]) among men with pleural plaques. Significant excess deaths from pleural tumors, bronchopulmonary tumors, and respiratory diseases are also observed among men with pleural thickening and asbestosis. With a median follow-up of 4 years, this analysis provides the first findings on the health outcomes of a large cohort of asbestos victims compensated by FIVA who have benign conditions. This population is characterized by a marked risk of dying from asbestos-related cancers.