The promotion, in the mid-1990s, of hepatitis B vaccination for preteens and adults at high risk of infection was highly successful in France. Between 1994 and 1998, vaccination coverage among preteens exceeded 75%. More than one-third of the French population was vaccinated, indicating that vaccination targets were exceeded. The recommendation for infant vaccination was rarely followed. Epidemiological studies conducted following reports to the pharmacovigilance agency of neurological disorders following vaccination were unable to either confirm or completely rule out a causal link between these two events, although today the hypothesis of a coincidental temporal association remains by far the most likely. This situation has led to stagnation or a decline in vaccination coverage among the various target groups. However, other factors have likely contributed to this situation. Sociological research would be useful to study, for example, the extent to which a negative perception of the utility of vaccination—particularly for infants—plays a role, as well as perceptions of shortcomings in the management of this vaccination policy’s implementation. Such research will help define the communication strategies needed to support the relaunch of hepatitis B vaccination promotion in France.